Section IV. Questions about page numbers and multiple authors

1. a. Only for quotations Incorrect Answer
2. b. For ideas Incorrect Answer
3. c. The answer to this question depends on the reason you are citing a particular source Incorrect Answer
4. d. All of the above Incorrect Answer
5. e. Only b and c Correct Answer

The correct answer is e. Only b and c.

Page numbers are needed not only for quotations.  A key purpose of citation is to allow your reader to locate precisely the information or idea in the cited work to which you are referring. For this purpose page numbers are essential, as they identify the exact location of the words or ideas that confirm the point you are making.  Page numbers also point the reader to the place in the cited work to which you are referring and thus provide a guide to those readers who would like to go to your source to find out more.

The key point here is that your own work must be transparent, and one way to achieve transparency is to cite specific page numbers to which your citation refers.   Sometimes, however, when you make a reference to an entire work and not to a specific place in the work, page number citation is not appropriate.  Read more on this topic at http://www.lib.unc.edu/instruct/citations/apa/in_text.html.

1. a. Only when you are using a footnote do you need to include page numbers Incorrect Answer
2. b. Page numbers should routinely be included in a citation, even if you must guess the page numbers Incorrect Answer
3. c. Page numbers provide too much information to regularly include Incorrect Answer
4. d. Only when the citation refers to the entire cited text, such as an entire book or article, should page numbers be omitted Correct Answer
5. e. Page numbers are not needed when the citation is in-text, as in the MLA (Rhodes 2002) or APA (Rhodes, 2002) Styles. Incorrect Answer

The correct answer is d. Only when the citation refers to the entire cited text, such as an entire book or article, should page numbers be omitted.

Including page numbers is standard practice in virtually every style. Including page numbers is a way to tell the reader exactly where she can find the information to which you have referred. As such, you must be as specific as possible, and under no circumstances, should you ever guess the page numbers.

With electronic sources, such as e-journals licensed by GMU's Library, you can fairly easily find the exact page or pages you need to cite.  One handy technique is to go to the on-line article and then use the "find" function (ctrl-f).  Upon entering the ctrl and f keys simultaneously, a box will pop up on your computer screen.  Type in the word or words that are most likely to have been used in the part of article that you have referenced in your citation.  Alternatively, if you have the exact quotation, put part of it in the box. The "find" function will lead you to the page or pages where those words are used.  You can use the same technique for books by going to Google Books (books.google.com), searching for and finding the book in question, and then employing the "find" function as described above.

1. a. True Correct Answer
2. b. False Incorrect Answer

The correct answer is a. True.

In this reference you are referring to the authors of the article you are citing.  That the authors of the article are the same as the editors of the book in which the article appears is simply irrelevant in this APA style citation.  However, for the bibliography and for standard Chicago style citation, that the authors of the article are the same as the editors of the book is relevant.  For example, the key information with regard to where the article can be found in the book, including the page numbers of the introduction (3-28) would appear in your reference list at the end of your paper, as follows [in APA style]:

Cutler, A. C., Haufler, V., & Porter, T. (1999) Introduction: Private Authority and International Affairs. In Private Authority and International Affairs (pp. 3-28). Albany: State University of New York Press.

You might note that in the citation in the text [(Cutler, Haufler, and Porter, 1999)], you do not refer to the page number because you are drawing the reader’s attention to the article in general and not to a specific place in the article.  The pages of the whole article should not appear in the in-text citation but must appear in the bibliography.

As you can see, when the same authors have written the introduction in addition to editing the book the authors’ names are not repeated a second time in their entry in the bibliography.

Also, you might notice that only the first author is listed by her last name first in the bibliography. This practice is common to most bibliographical styles, as is indenting the second and subsequent lines of each entry in the bibliography.  In contrast to Chicago and MLA styles, only initials are used and for first and middle (i.e., given) names in APA style, sometimes leading to a reader’s difficulty in identifying authors with common names like Smith.

To read more about this APA bibliographical style, go to: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/06/.

1. a. Perhaps Langdon Gilkey phrased it best when he wrote that Niebuhr's Moral Man and Immoral Society: A Study in Ethics and Politics had "a profound and disturbing impact" (Niebuhr 2002). Incorrect Answer
2. b. As Langdon Gilkey stated in his introduction to the 2002 edition, Moral Man and Immoral Society: A Study in Ethics and Politics had "such a profound and disturbing impact" (1934, xii). Incorrect Answer
3. c. As has often been voiced among fellow scholars, the book had "such a profound and disturbing impact" on Niebuhr's peers (Gilkey 2002, xii). Correct Answer
4. d. Although much has been written on the topic, Niehbur's book has had "such a profound and disturbing impact" (Gilkey 1934, xii). Incorrect Answer
5. e. Niehbur's Moral Man and Immoral Society has had "a profound and disturbing impact" (1934) and remains part of the canon of western political philosophy. Incorrect Answer

The correct answer is c. As has often been voiced among fellow scholars, the book had "such a profound and disturbing impact" on Niebuhr's peers (Gilkey 2002, xii)..

When you are citing the book written by Niebuhr, you cite Niebuhr. When you quote or refer to Gilkey, who wrote the introduction, you cite Gilkey. Note that in your bibliography or reference list you cite Niebuhr and Gilkey separately too.  However, if you did not otherwise use Niebuhr in your manuscript, you should only list the Gilkey reference in your bibliography.

In APA Style:

Gilkey, L.B. (2002). Introduction. In Moral Man and Immoral Society: A Study in Ethics and Politics by R. Niebuhr (pp. xi-xxii). Louisville, KY: Westminster Knox Press.

Niebuhr, R. (2002).Moral Man and Immoral Society. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press.

In MLA Style:

Gilkey, Langdon B. Introduction. Moral Man and Immoral Society: A Study in Ethics and Politics. By Reinhold Niebuhr. 1934. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2002. xi-xxii. Print.

Niebuhr, Reinhold. Moral Man and Immoral Society: A Study in Ethics and Politics. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 1934. Print.

In order to get a sense of the similarities and differences between styles, be sure to take a moment to compare the differences between APA and MLA styles.

Note that the Gilkey reference indicates that he wrote the introduction to the 2002 edition of Moral Man and Immoral Society by Niebuhr.  Also note the differences in the APA and MLA formats above. In particular, in the MLA Style, you must include both the edition (2002) of the book you are actually using as well as the 1934 date of the first edition in your bibliography. After all, it is misleading to indicate that Niebuhr wrote the book in 2002 when he actually penned it in 1934. . Remember, too, that in the reference list, you should indicate the page numbers of the entire introduction, whereas in the in-text citation you should indicate the exact page (xii) in the introduction from which you extracted the exact quotation, “such a profound and disturbing impact.”

As part of your research process, you would have checked the book out of the library and kept an accurate bibliographic record of the book, the Introduction, the page number of the quotation and the page numbers of the Introduction. To help you organize your bibliographic notes, you can use Zotero, described previously.  If you forgot to keep a record of all the details needed for your citation, you could check Google Books or Amazon, but keep in mind that these websites may not have the exact edition that you need.

For more information about citing a book with an introduction written by a separate author see: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/06/ (APA Style) or http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/06/ (MLA Style). For more information about Zotero, see: http://www.zotero.org/.

1. a. (1997) Incorrect Answer
2. b. (Goldstone 99-117) Incorrect Answer
3. c. (Goldstone) Incorrect Answer
4. d. (Goldstone 1997) Correct Answer
5. e. (Goldstone 1997, 99-117) Incorrect Answer

The correct answer is d. (Goldstone 1997).

You do not include a page number or numbers unless you are pointing to a specific place within Goldstone's article where the reader can find a mention of a specific idea or words that you are citing.  In this case, when referring to the article as a whole, no page number is needed for the in-text citation and certainly not the page numbers from the beginning to the end of the article. Instead, the page numbers of the entire article are included in the reference list, as follows:

Goldstone, J. A. (1997) Population Growth and Revolutionary Crises. In John Foran (Ed.) Theorizing Revolutions (pp. 99-117). New York: Routledge.

This bibliographic entry demonstrates that under APA Style, pp. [for multiple pages] is used in the reference list, but not in the citation.  As explained previously, even when a specific place within Goldstone's article is referenced in the in-text citation, you should, nevertheless, in the bibliography indicate the page numbers of the entire article. In the in-text citation, the page number is listed as a number, with no abbreviation. If the writer were referring to a point that Goldstone made on page 98, the in-text citation would read as follows: (Goldstone 1997, 98).

Obviously, however, different styles (APA, MLA, Chicago, and others) have different syntax requirements.